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Variable
Rural (n = 258)
Peri-urban (n = 246)
χ2
p-value
Household durable assets
1 Own house
236 (91.5)
209 (85.0)
9.5
0.002
2 Own land
216 (83.7)
55 (22.4)
212.9
< 0.001
3 Own animals
229 (88.8)
46 (18.7)
253.5
< 0.001
4 Gas rice cooker
134 (51.9)
241 (98.0)
139.1
< 0.001
5 Microwave
215 (83.3)
227 (92.3)
8.8
0.003
6 Black/white TV
22 (8.5)
10 (4.1)
4.4
0.037
7 Color TV
236 (91.5)
228 (92.7)
0.1
0.720
8 VCR
136 (52.7)
101 (41.6)
6.5
0.011
9 Satellite dish
82 (31.8)
6 (2.4)
75.7
< 0.001
10 Phone line
134 (51.9)
157 (63.8)
7.1
0.008
11 Mobile phone
82 (31.8)
142 (57.7)
33.9
< 0.001
12 Bicycle
161 (62.4)
18 (7.3)
167.9
< 0.001
13 Motorbike
81 (31.4)
18 (7.3)
46.6
< 0.001
14 Electric fan
246 (95.3)
238 (96.7)
0.2
0.694
15 Air conditioner
9 (3.5)
62 (25.2)
48.8
< 0.001
16 Fridge
50 (19.4)
138 (56.1)
72.1
< 0.001
17 Washing machine
124 (48.1)
172 (69.9)
23.9
< 0.001
18 Simple tractor
4 (1.6)
1 (0.4)
1.7
0.194
19 Expensive tractor
8 (3.1)
1 (0.4)
6.3
0.022
20 Truck
1 (0.4)
2 (0.8)
0.4
0.537
21 Boat
106 (41.1)
24 (9.8)
65.6
< 0.001
22 Car
1 (0.4)
7 (2.8)
4.8
0.028
Housing characteristics
23 Weak brick walls
233 (90.3)
134 (54.5)
81.7
< 0.001
24 Strong brick walls
1 (0.4)
112 (45.5)
147.5
< 0.001
25 Wooden walls
22 (8.5)
0
21.9
< 0.001
26 Weak brick roof
169 (65.5)
40 (16.3)
125.8
< 0.001
27 Strong brick roof
86 (33.3)
206 (83.7)
131.3
< 0.001
28 Wooden roof
1 (0.4)
0
1.0
0.328
29 Mud floor
28 (10.9)
3 (1.2)
20.2
< 0.001
30 Cement floor
155 (60.1)
68 (27.6)
53.7
< 0.001
31 Porcelain floor
57 (22.1)
174 (70.7)
120.0
< 0.001
32 Wooden floor
16 (6.2)
1 (0.4)
13.0
< 0.001
Utility and sanitation
33 Tap water
5 (1.9)
246 (100.0)
483.4
< 0.001
34 Hand pump water
254 (98.4)
1 (0.4)
487.2
< 0.001
35 Flushable toilet
96 (37.2)
215 (87.4)
133.4
< 0.001
36 Medicine at home
12 (4.7)
95 (38.6)
86.6
< 0.001
37 Soap
256 (99.2)
242 (98.4)
1.1
0.293
38 Over-crowding
32 (12.4)
16 (6.5)
5.1
0.024
